History

The word print and its older form have been termed "chop" from the Mongolian word chaw, which means "squeezing surface to surface". Also, "printing" in Turkish means banging or moving continuously with the bell. Printing in the word means role, effect, stamp and mark and has been used in various texts for the words natural, bass, and taffeta.

One of the most important events in history has been the invention of the independent print alphabet and printing press, which was widely thought to have been first invented by German Johannes Gutenberg in 1456, but the invention of the printing technique dates back centuries to Gutenberg.

The historical periods of printing and its evolution from the beginning until now are generally divided into six categories:

1. Before history and the beginning of history
2. ancient times
3. The Chinese era
4. Artistic era
5. Mechanical era
6. Photo-mechanic era

This period spans from the beginning of writing to about the 20th century.

Invention of printing in China and other countries

The invention of printing in China
The Assyrians stamped on clays of clay a few thousand years BC. The Khatam rings used in ancient times worked on this basis as well, the print of bass was also known centuries before Gothenburg in China, the earliest manifestations of the printing industry during the Tang Dynasty in China (618–906). During this period, the engravings were engraved on a wooden plate, then printed on fabric. The first refers to printing, in 593, and a Chinese government decree in which Emperor Wenith ordered the printing of Buddhist images and texts. These texts were first written on a piece of thin paper and then glued on a wooden sheet and engraved on the wood to create a wooden "zinc" to use for printing text. This method takes a long time, as each page of the book had to be carved on a separate wooden plate.

The oldest printed book ever found is a Buddhist religious text, published in 868, found in the Donhuang Cave on the Silk Road. In the ninth century, high-volume print books were released in Shou (today's Chechuan state) and were purchased by private dealers. Shortly afterwards, the printing press spread to other states, and by the end of the ninth century, it had spread throughout China. Books such as Confucian books, Buddhist texts, dictionaries, mathematics books, etc. have been published during this time. The technique progressed rapidly, and in the year 1000 AD, books bound in today's style replaced tumors.

In 1041 AD, the Chinese alchemist, Biansheng, invented freely printed letters. These letters were engraved on a wet pottery and lasted long after being cooked in the oven, speeding up typing and multiplication of texts. Created thereafter, it did not become popular, as opposed to wooden letters. In the early 6th century, the invention of independent print letters led to the spread of cheaper printed books during the Song dynasty (960–1279) in China.

Print in Iran
The date of printing in Iran goes back to five centuries BC, the time of the Achaemenid kings and the royal seals who used them to approve government orders. The entry of the word Persian into the late seventh century AH and the reign of Gikhatokhan is attributed to the son of Abaghan Moghul (694–690 AH), and it relates to the paper money that was referred to as chav or chav. It is the first printing machine in Iran. It was very simple and was based on leather and engraving. Some also believe that the word print is quintessential or in the Indian sense of the word with which they were woven into the fabric. According to some, the words "printing" and "printing house" have been introduced into Persian since the same period and have been derived from "chav" and "chavkhaneh". Dehkhoda, of course, regards the word print as Sanskrit from "chohap" or "chohapeh".

Print in Korea
The credibility of the invention of metallic printed letters and the industrialization of printing was one of the Korean governments mentioned for the first time in 1241 AD. In 2013, 64 years before Gutenberg's printing press, the Korean government established a printing ministry tasked with producing metal lettering with a casting technique. In 1403, the Korean government's casting factory had a bronze pen containing hundreds of thousands of characters, and by the end of the fifteenth century, dozens of other Korean pen were invented. Markopoulos, who went to China in the thirteenth century, may have seen print books, and he or other Silk Road travelers had brought this knowledge to Europe, which later inspired Johannes Gutenberg to invent a printing machine, as the westerners did before Gothenburg printing was familiar.

Gutenberg's invention
In year 1452, German Johannes Gutenberg realized the idea of ​​moving print. In his workshop on the technology of sheet making, he combined oil-based ink and press to print a book and invented the printing machine. In fact, he has invented technologies that were thought of and tried many years ago.

Gutenberg, the German printer, was the first to consider a separate piece of metal for each letter. He put the pieces together to blend the appropriate words, rubbing them together, and pressing on the sheets of paper, creating a new print. He made the letters first from wood, then from lead, and later from lead, tin, and antimony alloys.

Gutenberg printed between 300 and 500 sheets daily. The first book he produced was the 42-line Bible. The books you read at the time were known as Inconabula. Gutenberg's invention was found in most European countries in cities such as Venice, Florence, Paris, and Lyonrobe for about 40 years, and printers were created in this way. During the years 1460 - 1470 there were printing houses in Germany and other European countries. In the first half century after Gutenberg's work, some 40,000 books were published and their total numbers exceeded 12 million copies. By the end of the fifteenth century in Europe, there were more than 200 printers operating in 69 cities. One of the important printers of that period was the Anton Caberger printing house in Nuremberg with 24 printing machines and hundreds of people working in the printing press.

Other Gothenburg services include:

• Invented the torsional printing method with the help of olive oil that has been used in Asia and Europe for many years
• The development of the block printing method was invented after Marco Polo's return from Asia
• The development of a large number of paper-making methods that had come from China to Europe
• Development of composite manufacturing methods
• Development of punching and book formatting that allowed the printing of thick books

The Gutenberg printing press cost a lot of money, and as a result, the wealthiest of the rich at that time.
300 years after the invention of the Gutenberg printing press, a German playwright named Alois Zena Felder invented print or lithography in 1796. Each stone on which the text or image was cast in this way had a good performance of about 750 copies, and subsequently the role on the rock could not be printed.

Printing methods

Let's look at some of the innovations of printing in the 19th and 20th centuries. During the last decade of the 18th century, there were developments in print, including that in the same period a person named Austrian Alvise Sunfelder invented stone printing to reproduce music sheets and looked at it as an alternative to black engraving. In this way the painting is created by a sharp brush or an acid action on the stone surface and the painting is painted black on the gray stone surface. So it wasn't too difficult to imagine the final work. In this way the working method was to moisten the parts that did not want to be printed (on the stone) and, as a result, the printing compound, which was greasy, did not adhere to those parts and absorbed the dry parts,

thus preparing the surface for printing in two parts:

• Wet section (for white areas)
• Dry section (for black or colored parts)

It was this way of printing that later led to the invention of offset printing. The invention of photography was perhaps more influential than any other factor in the printing industry, and although it posed a threat to manual printing methods, it was invented by the invention of photography to sensitize the surface of the metal and to return the image and letters and motifs on it. This new method of printing originated with linear stereotypes, and was developed following the development of photography in the methods of gravure, photograwer and heliogrower. In the early 19th century, machines were developed that would automate various printing operations, and as a result, printing speeds increased to the point where rotary machines were able to print both on one paper at a time. In general, there are three ways in which a sample (image or text) can be printed:

• Bold print or letterpress or typography
• Depth printing or hologram print
• Flat printing, either planography or lithography

Advances in printing to the present

" Advances in the Printing Industry from Gutenberg to the Present "

Around 1490, various methods of acid working were formed on metal plates. 1550 The first lens was made by Cardon Italian. In 1796, Alumis Zelder Felder invented the lithographic method. He is known for being the inventor of stone printing.

• From 1799 to 1800, Ubiro invented the first paper machine in Paris, which in 1820 produced more complete machines.
• In 1811, the first steam-powered Letterpress cylinder was made by the German inventor Konik.
• In 1818, in collaboration with Bauer, a double-sided printing machine was introduced that printed on the back and on paper.
• In 1822 William Church patented the first typewriter.
• In 1825 Nice Fornis invented the form of printing on metal plates including copper by photomechanical method and reproduced specimens by making manual presses.
• In 1844, Richard Ho patented a rotary printing machine in the United States.
• In 1850 Jillot developed metal working on acid.
• In 1851, Scott Archer introduced the method of wet claudium (Negative Glass).
• In 1859 Henry James in England made the following stereotype by means of photochemistry.
• The first roll paper printing machine was registered in the United States in 1866.
• In 1870, the first rail oscillating camera was made by a mouse.
• In 1874 Carl Clich of Czechs improved the form preparation by using some kind of carbon paper.
• In 1910, the first holographic machine started using Dr. Blade's blade.
• In 1912 back-and-forth printing machine was designed and manufactured by Caspar Herman (tubular paper).
• In 1912 the Roland company manufactures an offset printing machine with three equal cylinders.
• In 1950, the Monofto typeface was invented.
• In 1965, Dr. Hell made a major breakthrough in typography and photolithography by introducing a new system and the development of a scanner device.
• In 1976, laser beams were used in photolithography and typography.
• and ...